Decision Style Of Choice Creation Essay - 1478 Words

Question: 5 1) Directive style: The most topics in this style of choice creation is that once in a as does the found have the better part of the proper data to resolve on a possible choice. Directive style of choice making depends on a calm and absolutist style those outcomes in the employee utilizing his own particular information, experience and judgment to pick the best option. This sort of found is very normal, yet contemplate the short-term. Such decision style is more suitable for routine procedural task. 2) Conceptual style: Conceptual is more concerned with long-term results, brainstorming of alternatives, creative approaches to problem solving and taking higher risks. No idea was eliminate and the team sure to choose a higher risk plan, which could result in economic extra for the company. The team made conceptual sketch of the pack burning breaker coaster and the make stronger mass slide. 3) Behavioural style: People with a behavioural decision-making style work well with others, are open to suggestion, and are worried about the achievement of their team. They usually try to let alone difference and rest meaning on their taking by others. A good accepting of the choice of styles of decision-making each will agree to you to make out your own style and settle in consequently to every condition. Question: 6 â€Å"Groupthink† is a term coined by Yale research psychologist Irving Janis to describe a process by which a group can make poor orShow MoreRelatedDecision Style Of Choice Creation1095 Words   |  5 Pages1) Directive style: The most topics in this style of choice creation is that once in a as does the found have the better part of the proper data to resolve on a possible choice. Directive style of choice making depends on a calm and absolutist style those outcomes in the employee utilizing his own particular information, experience and judgment to pick the best option. This sort of found is very normal, yet contemplate the short-term. Such decision style is more suitable for routine procedural taskRead MoreMarketing For The Health Care Provider Essay1052 Words   |  5 Pageshealth care system like that of the United States, consumer choices of health plans and health care providers determine cost and quality outcomes. Because of an array of information problems and other institutional features of health care markets, there is concern that consumers do not make optimal choices. Moreover, â€Å"it is often believed that initiatives designed to provide consumers with better information will help them to make better decisions and may lead to better clinical and economic outcomes.Read MoreMarketing Plan For A Healthcare Provider Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermine the utilization of its products or services. In addition to that, the author will need to outline a marketing strategy for the health care provider chosen and recommend at least three (3) ways the health care provider could shape the buying decisions of its customers. Lastly, the author would have to provide at least three (3) qualified sources, e.g., peer-reviewed journals professional organization website, or health care provider Websites. Determine the direct impact of marketingRead MoreAn Ethical Business Of An Organization Exporting Textiles From A Developing Country?1557 Words   |  7 PagesAs a result, the business Isle of Style has been created and is now functional online. Evaluation of Research Processes There were several ways in which I researched each aspect of the research question. Internet resources and articles were used to decide whom I would interview and which questions should be asked. Interviews on economics, accounting and IT gave me a block of information through which I could sift and use in the creation of Isle of Style. By planning each interview throughRead MoreTeam Dynamics And Decision Making For Project Success Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesTeam Dynamics and Decision Making for Project Success Project success often depends upon team decision-making. In the workplace, the team leaders job is to make decisions that benefit the team and the whole company. This places them with a lot of responsibility. They must contemplate the options and consciously select the decision-making strategy most appropriate for the circumstances in which the decision will be made and implemented. Often the decision-making style chosen is among theRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Strategic Leadership1170 Words   |  5 Pagesanalysing any leadership framework, you can’t just examine the strengths of the theory and the possible benefits of it. You must also focus on understanding the possible drawbacks of the style. Not only can a balanced view of the advantages and disadvantages of the leadership theory help you realise whether it is the right style for you as a leader or for the organisation, but also to ensure you implement the framework correctly and minimise the risk of the disadvantages. So, what are the strengths and weaknessesRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of An Organization Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesAs indicated by Blazes and Stalker, a natural association is one that is especially changeable and has the capacity adjust well to changes. Its structure is special as having little employment activity, few layers of administration, decentralized choice making and very little direct supervision. Mechanistic – A mechanistic organisation is an idea grew by English scholars Tom Burns and G.M. Stalker in their work titled the management of innovation (1961). As indicated by them, qualities of a mechanisticRead MoreA Business Perspective Of Management Discipline1299 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness sense and we look at them in the world of medicine and law there are several key similarities. These include but are not limited to the fact that there are tough decisions that need to be made. Decisions that affect the outcome of day to day activities, projects, and what not are all effected by people making tough decisions. Furthermore I believe that the discipline relates to how in most cases and most of the time people either in management, medicine, or law attempt to make the greatestRead MoreAutocratic Leadership : Authoritarian Leadership989 Words   |  4 Pagestype of management style that is used when a leader dictates policies and procedures, decides what goals should be achieved, and directs and controls all activities without any meaningful participation by the subordinates. The autocratic leader has full control of the team, with low autonomy within the group. These leaders typically make decisions based on their ideas and judgments, seldom taking advice from other individuals. Like any other leadership style, the autocratic style of leadership hasRead MoreAddiction Responding Task Of The Theatrical Style1300 Words   |  6 PagesAddiction Responding Task Belgium is accredited for the creation of the theatrical style, unrealistic theatre; although unrealistic theatre is a blanket term incorporating Absurdist Theatre, Expressionism, Theatre of Cruelty and more. Non-realistic Theatre isn’t restricted to traditionally recreating life on stage, but it investigates evasive ideologies, intangible emotions and human existence; simply transforming reality. Addiction was an unrealistic piece of drama exploring the drug world, side

African Americans From The Pacific Northwest Essay

1) Why did many African Americans come to the Pacific Northwest? The growth of the African-American population in the Pacific Northwest (including Washington State, Idaho and Oregon) expanded by 309 percent, between 1940-1950. Many simply came for employment, as WWII contract work gave African-Americans the ability to find steady work in shipyards, defense production opportunities, federal employee positions, Boeing Airplane Company (need for Machinists) and many other employment opportunities for the growing Northwest cities. With the presence of the military, many African-Americans were assigned to the local military bases, moving them and their families westward, to a region with great opportunities. Seattle, Tacoma and Portland would see an increase of over 30,000 migrants, changing the demographics of many cities, to one of African-American decent. Portland offered fewer opportunities for blacks, being regarded as less â€Å"accepting† of the cultural difference. Many blacks would move to the Tacoma-Seattle area, where growth and prosperity with defense-related jobs were more abundant. The growing surrounding areas were providing a vast amount of available jobs and housing for black buyers, with less discrimination (as witnessed prior on the east coast). 2) What opportunities and obstacles did the Northwest offer African Americans? Prior to WWII, most African Americans (70-90 percent) worked as a domestic servant. The need for manufacture workers, shipyard employees andShow MoreRelatedNational And International Level Events1100 Words   |  5 PagesOver the course of the 20th century, national and international level events played a large role in shaping the Pacific Northwest. In the past, events that occurred outside of the Pacific Northwest directly impacted the region because of it being a hinterland dependent on the economy of countries outside of the region such as England and China. This trend continued throughout the 20th century and although the region did not remain a hinterland during this time, it continued to grow and change basedRead MoreThe History for Control over the Pacific Northwest654 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout the history for control over the Pacific Northwest many battles were fought. We found the ancestors of our families to be taken by surprise of the many actions we took. Many dif ferent tribes had established long lasting communities in the 18th century. Such as the Chinook, Salish and Nez Perce etc. The land was spread throughout the cascades through the Rocky Mountains. Years of torment and battle began from the Spanish and British explorers looking for the land. They searched for whatRead More Costa Rica Essay900 Words   |  4 PagesExtending from northwest to southeast, Costa Rica is bounded on the north by Nicaragua, along its 185-mile northeastern coastline by the Caribbean Sea, on the southeast by Panama, and along its 630-mile southwestern coastline by the Pacific Ocean. Costa Rica has a narrow Pacific coastal region that rises abruptly into central highlands. The highlands, forming the rugged backbone of the country, descend much more gradually toward the generally wider Caribbean (Atlantic) Plain. The Pacific coast isRead MoreCosta Rica945 Words   |  4 PagesExtending from northwest to southeast, Costa Rica is bounded on the north by Nicaragua, along its 185-mile northeastern coastline by the Caribbean Sea, on the southeast by Panama, and along its 630-mile southwestern coastline by the Pacific Ocean. br brCosta Rica has a narrow Pacific coastal region that rises abruptly into central highlands. The highlands, forming the rugged backbone of the country, descend much more gradually toward the generally wider Caribbean (Atlantic) Plain. The Pacific coastRead MoreCultural Perspectives On American Expansionist, Colonial And Slave Society1628 Words   |  7 PagesExpanding upon his reflection to see varying social perspectives on American expansion ist, colonial and slave society contexts, one notes that officials of European descent including Meriwether Lewis, William Clark and John Eliot converted white words and ideas into literal and figurative terms that they believed Native Americans mutually understood to persuade tribal leaders to adopt white mores. Accordingly, some Native Americans responded to these jabs of white coercion through outright resistanceRead More Oregon Geography Essay examples1705 Words   |  7 Pages The Oregon Coast runs from north to south along the Pacific Ocean. Oregon is three-hundred and sixty miles long and two-hundred and sixty miles wide, making it the ninth largest state. Oregon is bordered by California and Nevada on the south, Washington on the north, Idaho on the west and of course, the Pacific Ocean. Oregons nickname is the Beaver State because in the nineteenth century beaver skins were very valuable to trappers in the area. The longitude in Oregon is 116 45W to 124 30WRead More Service Learning Project740 Words   |  3 Pagesparticipate. Community partners hosted a Northwest Harvest donation box on-site; clients and customers were asked to donate nonperishable food items. Some community partners elected to donate a door prize to encourage and expand participation in the Highline College food drive. The campus-wide food drive was held at Highline College in August 2015. Community partners and students collected more than 600 pounds of nonperishable food, which was donated to Northwest Harvest. Service day was organized atRead MorePlate tectonics essay1168 Words   |  5 Pagescontrolled by the convection currents rising from the Earth’s mantle. Firstly, one place where tectonic activity occurs is at oceanic to oceanic constructive plate boundaries. Here two plates diverge or move away from each other, pushed apart by huge convection currents In the earth’s mantle. These convection currents are initiated by heat energy produced from radioactive decay in the earth’s core. As the convection currents move the plates away from each other, there is a weaker zone in the crustRead MoreColombia: Background and History985 Words   |  4 Pagescountries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830. Venezuela and Ecuador are the other two countries that emerged from the said collapse. However, it was not until 1886 that the Colombian Republic was finally declared. Geography, Climate, and Natural Resources Colombia according to Proexport Colombia (2013), an agency of the Colombian government concerned with the promotion of the countrys tourism amongst other things, is situated in South Americas northwest corner and it sharesRead MorePortland Is The Largest City For A Diverse Population, Culture, Recreation, And History Essay1149 Words   |  5 Pagespopular American city according to where participants would choose to live (For Nearly Half of America). It has become a popular city for millennials as well as those escaping the high cost of living in California. The influx of people has caused home prices in Portland to skyrocket in the last quarter century. Between 1990 and 2000, the median home prices for the area surrounding Portland increased by 114% compared to 46% nationally (Anderson, Susan). Demographics The estimated population from Census

Mark Twain6 Essay Example For Students

Mark Twain6 Essay Pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835-1910), American writer and humorist, whose best work is characterized by broad, often irreverent humor or biting social satire. Twains writing is also known for realism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of hypocrisy and oppression. Born in Florida, Missouri, Clemens moved with his family to Hannibal, Missouri, a port on the Mississippi River, when he was four years old. In 1851 he began setting type for and contributing sketches to his brother Orions Hannibal Journal. Later, Clemens was a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River until the American Civil War (1861-1865). In 1862 he became a reporter on the Territorial Enterprise in Virginia City, Nevada, and in 1863 he began signing his articles with the pseudonym Mark Twain, a Mississippi River phrase meaning two fathoms deep. In 1865 Twain published The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County and within months the author and the story had become national sensations. Much of Twains best work was written in the 1870s and 1880s. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) celebrates boyhood in a town on the Mississippi River; The Prince and the Pauper (1882), a childrens book, focuses on switched identities in Tudor England; and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court (1889) satirizes oppression in feudal England (see Feudalism). One of Twains most significant works of the 1890s and 1900s is Puddnhead Wilson (1894), a novel set in the South before the Civil War that criticizes racism by focusing on mistaken racial identities. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), the sequel to Tom Sawyer, is considered Twains masterpiece. The book is the story of the title character, known as Huck, a boy who flees his father by rafting down the Mississippi River with a runaway slave, Jim. Huckleberry Finn is especially noted for its authentic language. Twains skill in capturing the rhythms of life along the Mississippi River before the Civil War helps make the book one of the masterpieces of American literature. Twains work was inspired by the unconventional West, and the popularity of his work marked the end of the domination of American literature by New England writers. He portrayed uniquely American subjects in a humorous and colloquial, yet poetic, language. His success in creating this plain but evocative language precipitated the end of American reverence for British and European culture and for the more formal language associated with those traditions. His adherence to American themes, settings, and language set him apart from many other novelists of the day and had a powerful effect on such later American writers as Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner. Bibliography:

The World Is a Stage, and All Are Merely Players Essay Example

The World Is a Stage, and All Are Merely Players Paper Introduction to Theatre Review on As You Like It. All the worlds a stage, And all the men and women merely players. touched my heart when I sat under a tree in dog wood park to see the play which leaves me no doubt that this is As you like it written by the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist and play write William Shakespeare. They play started at 7. 00pm in the evening and it was directed by Steven W Gwilt. They story as about a girl named Rosalind who was the nephew of a king named Duke Fredrick and a boy named Orlando who was a prince. Rosalind and Orlando fell in love with each other when they meet at a wrestling competition. Their love goes deeper when Rosalind went to forest with her cousin Cilia and a fool guy named Touchstone in search for her banished father in a disguise of a man and named herself as Ganymede and coincidently meets Orlando while Orlando was expressing his love for Rosalind with the nature of the forest and Heather. With the disguise Rosalind appeared in front of Orlando and said that his love for Rosalind isnt enough. To prove his love Orlando had to woo Ganymede. Along with this story there were other love stories also. The fool Touchstone fell in love with Phebe who came along with them and there is the story of the couple Jacques and Audrey. Orlandos elder brother Oliver also fell in love with Cilia. The story ends with a happy wedding in the end. The acting of the main character Rosalind and Orlando was very good. Their ostumes and acting was true to the play. The theatrical condition was small but it was good. We will write a custom essay sample on The World Is a Stage, and All Are Merely Players specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The World Is a Stage, and All Are Merely Players specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The World Is a Stage, and All Are Merely Players specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The voice of the actors was loud and clear. They gave a very good gesture but at the beginning When Orlando and Oliver heard the name of Rosalind and Cilia and their relation with Duke Fredrick they used high five which was funny but it might not true with the play. And when Rosalind and Cilia decided to go to the forest together they used something similar to high five which was also funny but It might not be true with the play. I think this things wasnt true to the play because the story was about a very long time ago and I dont think high five was used as gesture in those time. The reaction in all the situation was good but the Reaction a Heather wasnt that good. When they entered the forest they made sound of foot behind the scene which was a brilliant idea and their entering and going out of the scene as perfect timing. This showed me that they had good teamwork. The entire presentation of the play was good but the banished father Duke the senior faced his ack to the audience a lot of times. The whole set was very good. But they only showed two set, the forest and the kingdom. And they didnt showed the play of Orlando killing the snake and tiger. They made a second floor on the set which helped the audience see two scenes at a time but going to second floor sometimes make audience that they were climbing mountain where there is no mountain story in the book. The dress up and costumes was perfect. But the dress up of Heather and Duke senior was not that g Because Heather dressed up pretty well but Dukes ress was like a forest guy which might made audience think that Heather is the Duke senior and Duke senior is Heather. The songs were very nice especially the last song. But the music that was played during the intervals was kind of modern type which didnt make the story looked like that it was a story of past times. On my opinion the liked the show very much. Even though some of the dialogues were changed and some of the things made it looked like it wasnt true with the play but it made the play funny and interesting which made me liked it.

buy custom Soldiers Deployed in Iraq essay

buy custom Soldiers Deployed in Iraq essay The Posttraumatic Stress Disorders among the Soldiers Deployed to Iraq According to the studies conducted on the recently returned service members, it is estimated that the rate of the posttraumatic stress disorders among the United States Iraq War soldiers exceeds 12 percent. It is also estimated that 16 percent of these soldiers examined one year after their return from war face the posttraumatic stress disorders. Also, the recent study of the combined US service done on its members that were deployed to Iraq revealed an estimate of around 14 percent of the soldiers facing the PTSD, with fresh cases exceeding the 7 percent mark among the combat-exposed personnel, which is also consistent with the previously indicated outcomes from the past wars. The key attributes of the deployment factors that are associated with PTSD are combat duties, noncombat deployment stressors, and the war threat appraisals. This study was carried out due to the concerns of the increased cases of PTSD cases as a result of the combat activities. The understanding of the PTSD symptoms connected to the subsequent stressors caused by deployment is of much importance to the service members, particularly in the context of repeated wars. The occurrence of such PTSD symptoms, especially in the first-time war deployments, is of considerable concern. The careful study of these symptoms and the stressors may help in coming up with a more scientific way of curbing these cases. Thus, the primary aim of this research was: a) to establish whether PTSD symptom levels have changed due to the effect of deploying the soldiers to Iraq war, and b) to come up with well examined associations on the pre-existing PTSD symptoms and the deployment-related stressors following the pre and postdeployment of the soldiers into the war front. This research procedure is based on sample experiments done on the participants. The targeted population for this study was male and female US Army soldiers who served in the Iraq war from April 2003 up to September 2006. This study involved the deployed and the non-deployed to Iraq soldiers across the two sessions, namely Time 1 and Time 2. The participants were then categorized as either deploys or non-deploys for Time 2 due to their deployment status on Times 1 and 2. The units which were not deployed were assessed at close time intervals to their deploying units. At the Time 1 sample group, the participants, regardless of the future outcomes, were functioning under the increased demands that were secondary to the anticipated deployment, because of the looming intensive desert training that they were to go through and also because of the idea of temporary geographic relocation and the separation they were to get from their families and friends (Vasterling et al., 2010, p. 42). The measures used in the study were interviews and also the written surveys, which were verified by the service records. The stress exposures and PTSD symptoms were investigated through the use of questionnaires. The written surveys were only conducted among the small groups during the military installations as the principal study that indeed targeted the neuron-cognitive functioning. It was found out that Time 2 participants did not differ much from the Time 2 non-participants that were from the ethnic minority or had the marital status. Other measures used in tabulating the results were the use of PTSD screening casernes, the prior stressful life events, the use of some medications that are prescribed as psychoactive, and also the existence of psychiatric/alcohol disorders. The participants of Time 1 sample were kind of not well represented on the side of women and commissioned officers. The results showed that the deployed and the non-deployed participants of sample Time 1 did not differ much on the baseline variables, but the deploys served longer periods in the Army, and thus, were slightly older than the non-deploys. On the other hand, the results obtained from sample Time 2 on the deployed soldiers indicated higher levels of PTSD as compared to the non-deployed soldiers. The main reason of this disorder is continuous participation in the war-front, especially if the soldiers were receiving hostile fire and had concerns about homes and their families. In conclusion, the prospective study found out that military deployment to the Iraq War is associated with the pre- and post-deployment and is causing increased cases of post-traumatic Stress Disorders, even after the US government adjusted the baseline levels of PTSD symptoms. Non-deployed soldiers, however, failed to show any symptoms of PTSD increases, thus suggesting that the pre-deployment and the post-deployment increases could not be only attributed to some nonspecific factors that are inherent in the military life. The findings also provide the strong evidence that deployment of the soldiers to the contemporary war zones results in the adverse health issues, and these consequences cannot be explained well through looking at the preexisting symptoms. The Ethno-Racial Variations in Acute PTSD Symptoms Before the research was conducted, the prior investigations have reported cases of increased risks of the posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in the ethno-racial minority populations that have been recently associated with exposure to trauma, lack of access, and also engagement in the mental health treatment procedures, the medical morbidities, among other factors. The various factors related to the ethno racial minority status are being explored to shed light on the differential effects it has on the Post trauma stress disorders. The main affected population here is the African American one, with higher occurrence of the depression disorders, with double likelihood of the violence exposure, and also the higher rates of assault cases being reported as compared to their white counterparts. The US Department of Justice, under the Bureau of Statistics, did some research on the most common cases of misdiagnosis and the under-diagnosis of the mental health disorders and did found out th at the African Americans were the ones that were most affected. The American Indians, on the other hand, had higher cases of trauma exposure as compared to the national samples, as they tend to experience and witness more accidents and violence cases. The substantial percentage of the survivors who are admitted to the United States hospitals due to the injuries is the ethno-racial diverse patients. Exposure to the traumas that are coupled with many physical injuries leads to the increased risks of the development of post-trauma stress disorders (PTSD). According to the Centre of Disease Control (CDC) report of 2009, 29.5 million cases of emergency visits were recorded with primary injury diagnosis, while 1.9 million cases had resulted into inpatient admissions. The greater levels of post-traumatic emotional distress, also including the PTSD symptoms, have been linked to increasing risk factors of a person developing the PTSD after the injuries. More hypothesized investigations show that the African American, the Asians, the American Indians, and the Latinos who are victims of injuries report the higher levels of the acute PTSD symptoms as compared to their white counterparts. So as to investigate this idea, some regression studies were conducted to assess the independent associations between the ethno-racial minority status and the acute PTSD symptoms through doing some adjustments on the relevant injury, clinical as well as demographic characteristics, which included the pre-injury trauma theory. The methodology used in this research procedure was choosing the participants who could speak English and also survivors of accidents or various violence-related injuries. The sample population was also above 18 years and lived within some 50 to 100 miles from the trauma centre. There were 9409 injured patients that were admitted to the Harborview Trauma Center at the time of research. 8454 people out of this figure were not approached in the survey, since they lived far than the stipulated distance or they were discharged from the centre before the approach, etc. The measures used in this research included the checking of posttraumatic symptoms using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklists. Another measure used was classifying the participants according to the ethno-racial groups, whereby the participants were asked to report their views according to their ethical identification. The last measure used in the study was the posttraumatic stress predictors, in which the participants were requested during the interview to designate their education years and household incomes on the various ranging scales provided. The results ended up showing that the African American and the American Indian patients were less educated than the whites, and also the African Americans had the higher percentage of the uninsured status. Asian patients were reported to have higher household incomes, while a bigger percentage of old patients was recorded among the white patients. It was also the African Americans and the American Indians who recorded higher levels of some previously established risk factors that cause PTSD. From these established results, it can be concluded that the investigation did explore the ethno-racial variations of the acute PTSD symptoms and more relational characteristics of large injury survivors analyzed in the single US trauma centre. These analyses were done through the use of SPSS 16.0 by comparing the clinical and the demographic characters of the patients who were sampled. The regression analyses were finally done to assess the independent association of ethno-racial heritage and the acute PTSD symptoms through adjusting other injury, clinical, and also demographic characteristics. In conclusion, the research has identified that racial variations indeed lead to the high levels of reported Posttrauma StressDisorder factors in the US. This is evident since the research found out that the African American survivors of trauma were the ones who showed the highest level of acute PTSD symptoms. After the accounting of various PTSD-related cases, it was also reported that the American Indians were the ones with highest burdens of the cumulative past trauma. The ethno-racial minority injury survivors also recorded more positive alcohol and drug toxic screens on their admissions to the hospitals as compared to the whites, hence coming to a conclusion that ethno-racial variations contribute to the PTSD. Trauma Exposure and PTSD Symptoms among Homeless Mothers: Predicting Coping and Mental Health Outcomes The study was done on seventy homeless mothers, who gave information about the traumas they had gone through and who were examined for the signs of posttraumatic stress. The study was undertaken 15 months after the events had taken place. High levels of PTSD were observed in this sample. PTSD is a key potential consequence of the exposure to trauma. Its symptoms may also lead to increase of comorbid mental fitness conditions. Since not all people who have faced trauma develop negative outcomes, there is increased interest in this area as researchers try to find out factors that can protect individuals who face trauma from this disorder. To some extent, exposure to trauma and PTSD depend on how the individual copes with stress that occurs later in life, as this relates to mental health in the future. Although previous study shows that facing life stress increases coping behavior, some types of coping generally lead to significant adjustments. On the other hand, avoidant methods of coping with trauma such as drug abuse and denial lead to individual being more depressed and to higher levels of PTSD symptoms. Researchers have proposed that previous trauma history and PTSD symptoms may affect the manner in which one copes with stressful experience later in life. Empirical evidence shows that individuals who faced previous trauma are less adaptive to highly stressful situations in future than those who did not have trauma experiences in the past. Research also shows that women who are homeless report more psychological distress than their low-income housed counterparts as[E1] a result of victimization from the society and other stressful issues in life. This study investigated the potential relationship between previous trauma and PTSD symptoms process of coping in response to other causes of stress later in life, and subsequent results in a group of seventy homeless mothers. The researchers hypothesized that homeless mothers who experienced life time traumas and showed a lot of PTSD symptomatology at baseline are likely to show worse adjustment at 15 months. Moreover, they hypothesized that previous trauma exposure relationship with PTSD symptomatology and the later adjustments can be mediated using avoidant and active coping. The data used was collected using Connecticut Homeless Families Program. The data used for this investigation was from 12 sites, which included programs giving shelters to the homeless. The participants in the program were recruited through street outreach, program that provided shelter to the homeless, and drop-in-centers. The program referred the study participants to the research team. The research staff then screened the study referrals. The participants were selected according to the following characteristics: (1) Currently without homes; (2) Had a child aged less than 16 years and parental rights of that child; (3) Had substance use disorder history in the past year. Structured research interviews were conducted by interviewers from Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services Research Division, who had been trained to collect data. Initial interviews were face to face, and follow ups were conducted after every three months until 15 months, most of which were face to face and sometimes through telephone when there were geographical difficulties. Each participant was paid for each completed interview and for keeping their first schedule appointments. Each participant was required to complete a contract during the baseline interview to facilitate follow-up. These contracts were regularly checked. Data included demographics, current trauma symptoms, and trauma history. Measures taken during the study included: 1. Prior trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms; 2. Most stressful event; 3. Psychological symptoms. Results confirmed that participants had experienced high levels of trauma in their lifetime. 93% reported having undergone at least one traumatic event in their lifetime, while 73% endorsed multiple traumatic events in their lives. From the results, an intercorrelation between the study variables and meditational analysis was drawn. The results confirmed that the homeless mothers faced high levels of trauma in their lifetime (93% reported). Most of them experienced multiple traumas. Being homeless was one of the stressing factors for over one third of them. This supports Goodman et al. (1991) view that being homeless can be traumatizing. Relationship between various variables showed that the number of previous traumas is related to PTSD symptom severity. The study supports the researchers hypothesis that prior trauma and PTSD symptomatology affect subsequent general adjustments to stressors. From the study, it appeared that some of the harmful impacts of trauma exposure and distress are mediated via avoidant coping and not diminished approach coping. No relationship was observed between trauma experienced previously and active coping. The results are consistent with others done on previous studies, such as those of sexual assault victims. Researchers faced limitations such as: 1. Limited sample size; 2. Potential method bias (mostly due to the fact that the sample was drawn from those women who were receiving services or who were connected with the shelter system); 3. Ability to determine the causal relationship was limited by the correlation nature of the study; 4. The nature of most of the stressors reported by the participants did not correspond with the criterion of traumatic events. The study supports the need to consider the effects of trauma when designing interventions to enhance the outcomes for this vulnerable group. This study encourages future studies on testing the mechanisms through which trauma history and previous PTSD symptoms may affect psychological adjustment in the future within the less privileged populations. This would be beneficial in comprehending the complex relationship between these factors. How Type of Treatment and Presence of PTSD affect Employment, Self-regulation, and Abstinence This study was conducted to investigate the effects of substance use, self-regulation, and unemployment on people with and those without PTSD who had moved to the community from substance use treatment centers. The participants who had been recruited from substance abuse treatment centers (150 and 32 of them) had been diagnosed with lifetime PTSD. In the second year of follow up, individuals with PTSD in the normal after care condition illustrated significant lower levels of self-regulation as compared to the ones in the Oxford House condition having or not having PTSD. These results emphasize the need of settings that support abstinence after substance use treatment, especially for those people with PTSD. According to Najavits (2009), Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with the increased use of substances. Previous studies have shown that poor substance outcome leads to PTSD and high psychiatric distress related to comorbid disorders. Theorists claim that substance use by individuals is a coping technique for depressed people. Patients diagnosed with PTSD, according to the report, were more likely to be affected by depression levels as opposed to individuals without PTSD. PTSD is characterized by intense feelings of anxiety and fear, which may make victims to withdraw from the society and circumstances that may depress them. Impairments of self-regulation character are also a major symptom of PTSD. This results in a decline in persons capacity to logically control responses to priorities, aims, and environmental requirements. And this leads to severe emotional distress, phases of dissociation, lack of faith in relationships as well as loss of meaning of life. The cognitive structures of these exposed individuals become impaired over time, since their bodies have experienced a lot of stress; hence, they become too dependent on substances. These structures are responsible for running emotional responses. Reticence o f cognitive regulation processes may influence how individuals make decisions and their impulse control, which also results into substance abuse. On the other hand, individuals who have high self-control have less problems of impulse related character. High self-control is also related to improved psychological adjustment. Employment also positively affects individuals with PTSD and S.U.Ds. Work appeared to be a satisfying and meaninngful method to broad the economic and social networks for individuals suffering from psychological disorders. However, despite the economic and mental merits that are associated with being employed, it is difficult to find a job when one is having PTSD. Having PTSD status significantly reduces the chances of employment. Oxford House is one of the settings that increases abstinence levels and promotes employment. In Oxford House, residents learn behavior and skills that will let them get back to normal, independent settings after sustaining abstinence. Members of the Oxford House also attend programs that help them abstain. This house has shown both effectiveness and practicability of self sustaining recovery environments. When individuals in Oxford House condition were compared with the ones that underwent usual after care, the ones in Oxford House showed lower levels of substance use. This study used two treatment groups, i.e. usual aftercare versus Oxford House, to analyze participants based on their self-control scores, substance use, and levels of unemployment. The researcher hypothesized that those individuals with posttraumatic disorder who were members of usual aftercare programs would experience the worst outcomes of substance use coupled with higher unemployment levels as well as lower self-control scores compared to those individuals who were not diagnosed with this disorder in this kind of aftercare program and those who were enrolled in Oxford House. The researchers also suggested that the ones with PTSD in the Oxford House are likely to show similar outcomes of substance use, employment, and self control levels to the ones without the disorder in this institution. Data was collected in a span of four years (from 2002 till 2005). There were 150 participants who were recruited. These participants were selected from residential treatment centers of substance abuse located in the northern regions of Illinois. The participants of the study were approached at the treatment centers, where discussions with participants were held and the written consents were obtained after the discussion. Each participant was given incentives for baseline participation and an equal amount on each subsequent interview. Chi square and independent sample t-tests were used; they indicated no key differences between situations on socio-demographic variables. Measures undertaken in the study included: 1. Diagnostic Interview Schedule-IV (D.I.S-IV); 2. Self-Regulation; 3. Addiction Severity Index (ASI). To test the studys hypotheses, the researchers examined the variations in self-regulation, levels of unemployment and substance use effects among individuals with and without PTSD. These individuals were either assigned to the Oxford House or to the usual aftercare conditions. This study found that there was a key distinction in self control scores among the four groups. The PTSD group in the usual aftercare condition had the least self-regulation levels as compared to the two Oxford House groups. The findings of this study imply that settings that support abstinence are important for the individuals with PTSD. It is argued that stability and responsibilities associated with Oxford House help people control emotions and behavior. From this study, Oxford House is an appropriate environment for individuals in recovery from substance abuse as well as those with comorbid PTSD and SUD. The study had a limited sample; therefore, the researchers suggest that future study should include larger groups. Future studies should also try to assess other variables such as mental health treatment that is carried out after discharge from substance abuse treatment settings. Considering PTSD from the Perspective of Brain Processes: A Psychological Construction Approach Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) refers to a complex psychiatric disorder where symptoms from various domains are experienced, and they appear to be a consequence of a combination of several mechanisms. Although legitimacy of PTSD as a key diagnosis has been confirmed and has led to a lot of critical insights into how this disorder works, there is a lot of controversy that remains. The key unresolved issue is the core features of this disorder. This disorder is currently classified as an anxiety disorder by DSM. In both human and animal PTSD neuroscience models, the common hypothesis is that the amygdale (a significant fear circuitry factor) is hyperactive to incoming stimulus, and this hyperactivity is said to lead to fearful responses coming from a constant interruption in homeostasis. Both Etkin and Wager noted that fear may be a feature of specific phobias and social anxiety disorder associated with a wider range of emotion regulation dysfunction. The aim in this study is to investigate if dysregulated fear is the most beneficial and productive approach to deducing the existing brain proof in psychological terms. The questions raised are whether PTSD is a Fear-Based Disorder and whether amygdala is specific to the emotion fear in PTSD. Amygdala is generally broadly accepted as a part of the brain that is extremely crucial in establishing fear. Fear, in animal research, is defined as the behavioral adaptation that makes animals and man sense threats and responds to them promptly (LeDoux, 2008). Behavioral adaptations can be inherited as well as actions performed by a creature in order to survive. Past studies have confirmed that amygdala has a vital role in various behavioral adaptations that organisms use to respond to a threat. Previous studies show that the amygdala is not constantly activated at the time of fearful experiences at a rate greater than the one expected by chance. Even though a rise in amygdale activation was constantly observed in other emotional experiences like sadness and anger, the studies of fear experience did not constantly report a rise in amygdala response. The opinion of fear was constantly associated with a rise in amygdala activation, although this is not proof that the amygdala is a requirement for the sensitivity of fear. Hyper responsiveness in the amygdala is a fundamental feature of PTSD, although this does not imply that PTSD has an anomaly in fear. Does the Prefrontal Cortex Inhibit a Subcortical Fear Circuit? One factor in the hyperreactive, under regulated fear hypothesis is that PTSD signs arise from lowered regulation capability associated with hyperesponsivity of paralimbic cortical regions, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, and immediately posteriorly, the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. The fact that the cortex restrains subcortical regions is frequently taken as a proof that more evolutionarily recent cognitive parts of the brain control the more ancient emotional parts, and any disruption of this control leads to psychopathology such as observed in PTSD. Mammalian nervous systems share the same basic architecture in which the cortex modulates subcortical target regions. This is achieved by a complex set of cascading projections. These projections either excite or subdue subcortical activity. These multiple descending pathways from cortical areas to subcortical autonomic regions in the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, and brainstem produce a complex pattern of autonomic regulation that results into the counterintuitive hypothesis that in PTSD, the cortex might be selectively enhancing automatic reactivity. This article aims to bring in the psychological construction approach as a method of understanding the brain basis of PTSD and at the same time give new interpretations and insights for research in the future. Even though this approach is not common in psychology, it is consistent with a lot of unified approaches that try to find out biological and psychological processes that are common to several forms of psychopathology. This approach also corresponds to the present neurotransmitter models of anxiety, which show that various neurotransmitters and receptors provide multiple and frequently contrasting functions in the modulation of nervous states, depending on the exact cerebral circuits they interact. When combined with trans-diagnostic approaches to mental illness, this approach perspective assists in recognizing the present psychiatric diagnostic areas, such as other complex psychological areas like e.g. emotions, which are heterogeneous, and also the results of more general causes that may lead to other mental disorders. In addition, psychological construction approach can help explain the rising realization that psychiatric groups, just like other complex psychological category, are not natural types. Psychological construction offers a different approach to description and causes of PTSD and also suggests significant results of neuroimaging studies of PTSD. Previous approaches to understanding the brain basis of psychopathology have been typically focused on finding out the neural basis of a particular process by use of a specific task to isolate that process. There has been an increased recognition over the past few years that ful understanding of the neural networks and interactions among these vital networks that produce a mental state also requires examining data across multiple tasks. The researchers suggest that comparing PTSD to other disorders will prevent researchers from making declarations about the specificity of regions in the brain or PTSD networks that are also visible in other disorders. Buy custom Soldiers Deployed in Iraq essay

Business Article assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Article - Assignment Example A research conducted by professionals from the University of Cambridge in 2008 aimed to determine â€Å"the risky decision-making abilities of entrepreneurs and corporate managers with similar IQs and experience levels using a battery of neurocognitive tests† (Mehta, par. 4). The results of the study indicate that the greater preponderance for risk taking activities of entrepreneurs were both traced from behavioral and physiological factors that affect their decision making processes. As averred â€Å"the entrepreneurs not only scored higher on personality tests that measure impulsivity and flexibility; they also experienced a chemical response in the reward center of the brain that the managers did not† (Mehta, par. 4). Concurrently, Mehta stipulated guidelines for potential entrepreneurs in terms of socializing with other entrepreneurs, conditioning oneself for small successes, having faith and determination, and seeking a partner who would complement lacking skills, abilities, and knowledge that is not present in one’s personal arena. Relation of Topic to Discussion The topic is significantly related to the class discussion on small businesses and entrepreneurship. More and more global organizations have struggled to grow from roots that were identified as small business ventures or from sheer innovative vision and strategies implemented by entrepreneurs. The article is relevant in terms of accepting the risk taking characteristics of entrepreneurs to identify unique opportunities in the external environment, which could initially be posed as a threat, but would eventually be converted into a privilege to create jobs and provide financial success to the entrepreneur and to the stakeholders who would benefit from the venture. As shown in the power point presentation as Chapter 7: Small Business and Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs are a distinct breed of professionals who are predominantly risk takers and are willing to invest time, money and effort for potential ventures that could be successful or could ultimately fail. The thought provoking insight on famous entrepreneurs could inspire aspiring ones into trying their luck in diverse business opportunities. The experiences of Ray Kroc, McDonald’s founder and Steve Jobs, founder of Apple computers, have attested that entrepreneurs’ drive and determination do not die with past failures. Further, the entrepreneurial spirit that highlight extraordinary skills, talents and abilities of these individuals stir innovation through technological breakthroughs, use of cross functional teams, employ strategies that enhance strengths and competitive advantage in their chosen fields of endeavor. Personal Comments One’s personal contention on the topic of small businesses and entrepreneurship is the focus on distinct characteristics of entrepreneurs as drivers of businesses and new ventures. Entrepreneurs have keen business acumen and are unique in terms of t he extremely high desire to achieve. People like Donald Trump, Bill Gates, aside from those mentioned in class, have been instrumental in revolutionizing their business niche through innate desire to uplift the welfare of mankind. From what one has learned through research and through observing entrepreneurial talent, the innate desire and drive to discover something new that could be of benefit to a greater number of people have been most instrumental to their success. As learned from the class module, small businesses

General Motors Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

General Motors Corporation - Essay Example GM’s six main automaking divisions have catered to its manifesto of â€Å"a car for every purse and purpose† (Monks & Minow, 2008: 414). Statement of Purpose: This Case Study on the General Motors Corporation is for the purpose of investigating the company’s downward spiral into possible bankruptcy. Using appropriate theories and literature, investigation of the What? Why? and How? of the organization will help to determine the reasons for the auto giant’s decline 0ajjind the implications for the future of the company. The reasons for and the processes by which the United States’ auto giant General Motors Company deteriorated to a position of near-bankruptcy, can be determined by investigating various factors based on relevant theories of corporate collapse (Fig.1). These would include corporate governance, organisational culture, leadership styles, operational risk management and financial risk management pertaining to the functioning of General Motors. The underlying concepts pertaining to risk management, financial markets and products, and global perspectives on risk are important aspects. A widely encompassing approach that associates the causes of bankruptcy to the characteristics of the company and to the financial symptoms of distress, is essential, in examining the company’s financial decline (Thornhill & Amit, 2003). Besides the financial situation of the company, other crucial factors include the time dimension of failure, and the influence of key non-financial factors such as managerial error which is found to be one of the main reasons (Balcaen & Ooghe, 2006). Over the decades, from the time of GM’s inception in 1909, the company has suffered numerous set-backs which destroyed its ability to control the cost of its workforce. Roger Smith as CEO started downsizing the manufacturing units from 1985, with a commitment to revolutionizing the organization.